The American Nation - Christianized or Enlightened Term Paper

The American Nation - Christianized or Enlightened - Term Paper Example In 1776 the colonies that became the United States of America were peopled by groups of individuals possessed with religious fervour who traversed the Atlantic to search for a place where they can practice their faith unadulterated. The migration would be assumed to lessen the religious zeal of the original inhabitants of the colonies and yet the reverse occurred. The religious conviction in America intensified because of the religious resurgence stimulated by the people from across the Atlantic in the midway of the eighteenth century. These religious people were the courageous individuals who will stand against Great Britain in 1776 and oppose the colonial rule. The constituents of the revolutionary generation made significant individual decisions about their deep-seated religious beliefs and fidelity and this pressure mounted within them the ability to make political choices. Even the Founding Fathers of the American Nation commenced on building strong governments carrying the cred ence that religion is a requisite component of a republican institution for its preservation. John W. Thornton summarized that the relationship of politics and religion in America lies on the sermons of the founding fathers. They summoned God in their civil congregations, appealed to the teachers of religion for counsel from the Bible, and identified its principles as the decree of their civic demeanour. The Fathers abhorred the separation of politics and religion. In combats and warfare, they did not push on luck but instead relied on the Word of God etched in their hearts and mind. This moral articulation of the Fathers was the clandestine element that upheld the Republic against its material backdrop, against the enemies’ impenetrable numbers, and against the dominance of England. Nevertheless, despite the religious background of the American nation, developments in England such as the new scientific methods and the initiation of the Parliamentary government were likewise absorbed into the nation’s milieu.  Ã‚  

Maryland sexual predators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maryland sexual predators - Essay Example In terms of the overall law, Maryland requires that sexual offenders that are going to live and work in the state register with the state and local government. Every year then, Maryland classifies the sexual predators along four classification lines: sexually violent predators, sexually violent offenders, child sexual offenders; and offenders. The most serious offenders, which are the majority of offenders in the first three categories, must register for life, and the rest must do so for ten years. In considering these regulations on registry, I personally support the institution of these statutes as they provide significant warning to parents and children of the threats that might be surrounding them. While it does open the offenders to social ostracism, it’s clear that these regulations are necessary to reduce and prevent these sexual offenses from occurring again. While the Maryland laws require adult sexual offenders to face these registry issues, the penalties for juvenile sexual offenders alters these laws. Kahn & Lafond (2006) detail Maryland’s complex punitive and treatment mechanisms for the adolescent sexual offenders. In these regards, the state indicates that generally juvenile sexual offenders are given more leniency than adult offenders in terms of punishment. In addition, juvenile offenders are required to undergo stringent rehabilitation mechanisms that target the individual’s dysfunctions and work to prepare them for entrance back into society. Within Maryland there are a great degree of sexual laws that vary in stringency, as a direct relation to the extent of the crime. For instance, statute 464B an individual is convicted in the third degree if a number of elements are committed (Maryland 464b’). The most notable of these elements includes the occurrence of sexual contact within another person against the ir will. The offender implements a weapon in the

History of Catherine II of Russia

History of Catherine II of Russia Catherine II of Russia Catherine II of Russia who is commonly referred as Catherine the Great was the Russian Empress from 1762 until her death in 1796. Catherine’s real names were â€Å"Yekaterina II Velikaya†. She was in the category of the â€Å"Enlightened despots† who were rulers influenced by the enlightened principles that embraced religious tolerance, freedom of speech, press and property. Catherine was born as Sophie Augusta Fredirica to her father Christian August., the Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst and her mother Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein Gottorp. She thus was from a noble family. She received her education from a French governess and included other tutors. Catherine’s parents were devout Lutherans. In 1745 she was to married to Tsar Peter of Holstein Gottorp becoming the Princess. Because of her ambition to get married and become a princess, she abandoned her father’s religion and instead converted to Orthodox Church. The eminent marriage also forced her to learn French, which she did with so much effort to an extent that she got a severe pneumonia attack, because of walking barefoot in her bedroom repeating the Russian lessons. Her and her husband Peter settled in the Palace of Oranienbaum. Unfortunately her husband was immature and impotent and became unfaithful to her. This eventually led to the breakup of their marriage. Catherine read widely on and befriended many powerful political groups that opposed her husband. Empress Elizabeth died on 1762 and Peter succeeded her to become Peter III of Russia. This made them move to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Automatically Catherine became the Empress. By then they had a son named Paul who was the heir-apparent in case of the father’s death. In July of that year, there was a bloodless coup where Peter was dethroned by the Leib Guard who were the military personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. The throne was bequeathed to Catherine; she reigned till she died in 1796. After six months as a Prince and three days after disposition, Peter III died at Ropsha. Catherine the great was very intelligent, hardworking and had a very strong will. Her ambition to become the Empress of Russia saw her strike sharply at those who seemed to try and replace her with the rightful heir of the throne, Paul her eldest son. In her reign Catherine broadened Russian Empires’ boarders both to the south and the north absorbing new Russia, Crimea, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus and Courland. Catherine was eventually able to expand the Russian territory to 518,000 kilometer squared. This was not an easy task bearing in mind that the expansion was at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. She was able to achieve all this through a very shrewd statesman named Nikita Panin. In her initial years of her reign, Catherine directed most of her efforts towards making her position in the throne more stable. This was to enable her have an extended period of peace in order for her to be effective in other domestic affairs and foreign affairs. She understood the essence of a cautious foreign policy, which Panin did on her behalf. Panin fell out with her after his plans to counter the power of the Bourbon and Habsburg who had formed a league failed. It was not until 1764 that she felt secure and stable enough to start working on reformation towards improving social conditions in Russia. For such expansive reformation Catherine utilized the ideas of the enlightenment. It was through such ideas that she undertook to change Russia’s old legal system that was inefficient because it was based on the code of laws that dated from 1649. Towards this end she came up with a proposal she called â€Å"The instructions† which was circulated through out Europe and turned out to be a sensation. This is because it provided for a very advanced level of legal system. The legal system was to be enshrined on the principles of equal protection and prevention of criminal acts. This was as opposed to the previous method of meting out harsh punishment. In 1767 Catherine formed a legislative commission to revise the old laws using â€Å"The instruction† as the basis. The commission failed the set purpose leading to the suspension of the review. After Panin fell out with Catherine in 1781, she replaced him with Alexander Bezborodko who was a Ukrainian born councilor. Because of her ideas from the Enlightment, Catherine commissioned the Court betskoy whose sole purpose was to draw up plans to ensure the provision of education for all boys and girls through out Russia. The type of education she advocated for was the European style. As a result of her efforts schools and universities were established throughout Russia. This led to the foundation, for the first time of special girls’ schools in Russia. This also led to the establishment of a medical college whose sole purpose was to provide adequate health care for all the citizens. One good example is the Smolny Institute for girls, which was founded in St. Petersburg. Catherine rarely used violence to consolidate power and strengthen her grip on Russia. However, she resorted to other methods that usually proved very effective. For example during her time the church had become quite powerful, to weaken it she seized the church’s wealth and then employed the clergy as state employees. Foreign affairs demanded much of her attention between 1768 and1774. Catherine made Russia as the most powerful empire during this time. This came about after the first Russo-Turkish war against the Ottoman Empire. This war included the Battle of Chesma (1770) and the battle of Kagul (1770). This war began after Catherine sent Russian troops to support her former lover Stanislaw Poniatowski, who she wanted to suppress a revolt that had come about because of Russia’s influence in Poland. The revolution got support from Turkey and Austria. However, after two years lengthy negotiations with Turkey led to ceasefire. Catherine was very persuasive which came in handy at this time. This enabled Russia gain a foothold on the Black Sea. Acquisition of the right to the Black Sea was an important milestone. This was because Russian merchant ships acquired the right of sea whereby they could sail and passing through the Dardanelles which was an important European waterway. Also from the negotiations the vast steppes of modern South Ukraine were incorporated in the Russia Empire. In 1783 Catherine, in her quest for expansion annexed the Crimea, this led to the second Russo- Turkish war (1787-1792) where the Ottoman Empire sort to regain the lands it had lost to Russia during the first Russo Turkish war (1768-1774). The Ottoman troops lost miserably which led to the signing of the Treaty of Jassy. The treaty led to the end of the Second war and led to the confirmation of Russia’s dominance in the Black Sea. This was because from this treaty Russia’s claim to the Crimea was legitimatized. In 1773 in the Volga River Basin a peasant revolt led by Cossack started but was crushed by the Imperial forces when Cossack was captured in 1774, this was the only time that peace was realized for some time which enabled Catherine concentrate on domestic affairs, especially affairs that concerned the functioning of the government. It was during this time that the education standards were raised. Catherine played a very important role in shaping the role of Russia in the field of diplomacy. In the European foreign issues, Russia under Catherine played a very instrumental role in mediating on disputes that sometimes led to war. She mediated in the War of the Bavarian succession (1778-1779), between Prussia and Austria. It was through Catherine also that Russia witnessed the partitioning of Poland, where all the commonwealth territory with Prussia and Austria were divided. After all these expansion Russia turned into a vast empire that was in position to compete with other European neighbors. On the art and sciences scene, Catherine played a critical role. She viewed art and science as a means through which Russia could be recognized as a civilization centre. St Petersburg was turned into a great and dazzling capital. Through her patronage, theatre, music, painting and other form of art improved tremendously. She developed a manual for the education of children which she borrowed from the ideas of John Locke a famous English Philosopher. She established the famous Smolny Institute. It was established for the purpose of educating ladies from noble families and rich merchants. This institute became one of the best institutes not only in Russia, but the whole of Europe as well. Catherine was a prolific writer and exchanged ideas and correspondence leading philosophers and writers like Voltaire and Diderot. She wrote plays, fables Satires and memoirs. The Russian age of ‘age of Imitation’ happened during her reign where the Russians imported and studied the classical works from Europe. She spent millions of Rubles to build the Hermitage art collection. Today, Hermitage Museums that occupies the whole of the Winter Palace is one of the largest Museums in the world with one of the largest art collections totaling to over three million. Despite her great support of art, during her reign there was censorship of the press and publications and sometimes writers were exiled. For example Radishcev after publishing The Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow which addressed the poor leaving standards of the peasant serfs, he was exiled to Siberia. After converting from Lutheran to Orthodoxy, Catherine became indifferent to religion. Thus she never hesitated to suppress any religious dissent and never allowed dissenters to build chapels. However she exploited the Christian faith by promoting the protection of Christians under the Turkish rule. This was to ensure the weakening of the Ottoman Empire. After the partitioning of Poland she sort to control the Roman Catholics. On the other hand, Russia became a safe haven for The Society of Jesus whose members were running away from the persecution of Jesuits across Europe. Catherine the Great personal life was characterized by multiple lovers. She had a total of around 13 lovers in her reign that included Alexander Potemkin. Potemkin was a former lover who she had fallen off with but he continued to select future lovers for her. Catherine was kind to her lovers even after breaking up with them. She had a reputation of rewarding them handsomely. Works Cited Alexander, John.T â€Å"Catherine II, Bubonic Plague, and the Problem of Industry in Moscow† The American Historical Review, Vol. 79, No.3. (Jun, 1974), pp.637-671. Cruse, Mark. The memoirs of Catherine the Great. New York: Modern Library, 2005. Dukes, Paul. Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility: A Study Based of the Legislative Commission of 1767.Cambridge at the University Press, 1967 Haslip, Joan. Catherine the Great: A Biography .New York: G.P Putnam’s, 1977 Rasmussen, Karen â€Å"Catherine II and the Image of Peter I† Slavic Review, Vol. 37, No. 1. (Mar., 1978), pp.51-69. Thomas, Gladys Scott. Catherine the Great and the Expansion of Russia. London: The English Universities Press, 1947 Waters, Brenda Meehan-â€Å"Catherine the Great and the Problem of Female Rule† Russian Review, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1975), pp.293-307.

Pro-Choice Argument Essay -- Abortion, Argumentative, Pro-Choice 2014

Thou shalt not kill; one-tenth of what may arguably be the most famous guidelines of morality in the western culture, and also the main driving force for pro-life advocates. The argument supporting their beliefs typically starts with the premises that a fetus is a person, and to destroy or to kill a person is unethical. Therefore abortion, the premeditated destruction of a human being, is murder, and consequently unethical. I deny the fact that the fetus, what I will refer to as an embryo up to 22 weeks old, has the right to live. The opposing argument is invalid because a fetus, although perhaps a part of human species, is not formally a person. This leaves it simply to be a part of the woman?s body, whose fate lies solely in the hands of the pregnant woman alone, no different from a tumor she might have. By proving this, the abortion debate then becomes an issue of women?s rights, something that is most controversial indeed. Furthermore, it is fair to question the credibility of many people against abortion because of obvious contradictions in the logic of their belief systems. The fact that this debate is relevant in modern society is ludicrous since there is a simple and plausible solution to this problem that could potentially end the debate for good, leaving both sides satisfied. In order for the pro-life argument to be valid, it must have both a true premise and true conclusion. It falls short of validity by assuming that a fetus up to 22 weeks old is a person, and has its own rights independent of its host, or what we often refer to as its mother. First we must recognize the subtle, yet extremely important distinction between a human being and a person. It is obvious that a fetus is a member of the human ... ...erty and Human Rights? Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 19, No. 1 Spring 2013. Web 14 April 2014 . ?Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050? U.S. Census Bureau 26 April 2012. Web 8 April 2014 . ?Teen Pregnancy ? So What teenpregnancy.org Feb 2014. Web 8 April 2014 . Connolly, Ceci ?As Teen Pregnancy Dropped, So Did Child Poverty? Washington Post 9 Jan 2014. Web 14 April 2014 ?113th Congress Scorecard? WAND Web 14 April 2014 . ?His and Her Demographics: Women and Men 2010? U.S. Census Bureau Web 14 April 2014.

Assessment for Learning †the Case for Formative Assessment Essay

This paper provides findings on assessment for learning, It begins with analysis of the formative approach in exemplary practice carried out in secondary schools in eight education systems. The second half of the paper comprises key analyses on formative assessment in adult language, literacy, and numeracy provision, and a framework for strengthening policy and practice across the sector as well as for building the evidence base. Assessment is vital to the education process. In schools, the most visible assessments are summative. Summative assessments are used to measure what students have learnt at the end of a unit, to promote students, to ensure they have met required standards on the way to earning certification for school completion or to enter certain occupations, or as a method for selecting students for entry into further education. Ministries or departments of education may use summative assessments and evaluations as a way to hold publicly funded schools accountable for providing quality education. Increasingly, international summative assessments – such as OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – have been important for comparing national education systems to developments in other countries. But assessment may also serve a formative function. In classrooms, formative assessment refers to frequent, interactive assessments of student progress and understanding to identify learning needs and adjust teaching appropriately. Teachers using formative assessment approaches and techniques are better prepared to meet diverse students’ needs – through differentiation and adaptation of teaching to raise levels of student achievement and to achieve a greater equity of student outcomes. But there are major barriers to wider practice, including perceived tensions between classroom-based formative assessments, and high visibility summative tests to hold schools accountable for student achievement, and a lack of connection between systemic, school and classroom approaches to assessment and evaluation. The principles of formative assessment may be applied at the school and policy levels, to identify areas for improvement and to promote effective and constructive cultures of evaluation throughout education systems. More consistent use of formative assessment throughout education systems may help stakeholders address the very barriers to its wider practice in classrooms. This overview shows how formative assessment promotes the goals of lifelong learning, including higher levels of student achievement, greater equity of student outcomes, and improved learning to learn skills. The chapter then discusses barriers to wider practice of formative assessment and ways in which those barriers can be addressed, and outlines the study scope and methodology. Meeting goals for lifelong learning Each of the national and regional governments participating in this study promotes formative.

Commitment to Students and Student Learning

1. Committedness to Students and Student Learning: The OCT members are dedicated to showing attention, demoing empathy and passion to pupils They are committed to pupils by endeavoring to understand each pupil and his demands and his abilities which inform the instruction planning. They besides promote diverseness inside and outside the schoolroom to reenforce positive acquisition Members show respect and equitably to pupils to heighten acquisition by provide enabling environment where pupils feel valued, free to portion thoughts and parts. Members encourage pupils to do pick and have entree in the schoolroom which is critical to patterning equity and equity They facilitate pupils ‘ growing by endeavoring to better acquisition installations and schoolroom environment. Members identify pupil ‘s involvement and their strengths in order to assist them develop their acquisition Members are sensitive to the demands of pupils by cognizing what to advance in pupils, accomplishments they need to utilize and how to actuate pupils ‘ larning utilizing differentiated instructions. Students are able to utilize their accomplishments to lend to the development of the communities. 2. Professional Knowledge Forms: Endeavoring and to be current: It is really of import for OCT member to update their professional cognition and remain current in their pattern. There are so many on preparation plans through the Board or the Ontario College which are eligible to members for them to upgrade their cognition. When instructors are current cognition, it improves their pattern and they can easy supply first manus information to their pupil. Understanding and reflecting pupil ‘s development, larning theory, teaching method, course of study, moralss, educational research and related policies and statute law: This involve that the instructor must a better apprehension of his topic, larning theory, teaching method, course of study, professional moralss, educational research and related policies and statute law. The instructor must besides understand the pupil as a whole individual with abilities, failings, strengths, positions and specific demands. It is indispensable for a instructor to reflect on a pupil ‘s acquisition development and place how to better development. 3. Professional Practice Forms: Application of professional cognition and experience: Teachers are expected to use their professional cognition to learning pattern by get the hanging the course of study and teaching method to advance pupil ‘s acquisition, professional cognition is really critical and it is the back bone of instruction. Besides an proverb says â€Å" experience is the best instructor † the more experienced a instructor is the better he is able to use a professional experience to different state of affairss that promote positive acquisition. Appropriate planning and method: It necessary for every instructor in a professional pattern to heighten pupil acquisition by utilizing the appropriate teaching method, carry out appraisal and rating, use assorted resources and engineering to run into the larning demands of every kid. Response to single demands: In professional pattern instructors need to understand each pupil and their single acquisition demands, this will help the instructor to react to the demands of the pupil by utilizing assorted professional instruction method and planning to run into that demands. . Refine professional pattern: All instructors should be brooding practicians. It is compulsory for all members to better on their professional pattern through on traveling enquiry, duologue and contemplation. This will help instructors to detect new ways of making things better. 4. Leadership in Learning Communities Forms: Creation of collaborative and supportive acquisition communities: Teachers should jointly work together as a squad to set about activities that will back up pupils ‘ larning. They should besides work together with parents to supply support for larning community. They should reflect on their activities in order to better pupils ‘ public presentation. Shared duty and leading function: Members should understand the vision of the school and their duties into doing it effectual, nevertheless, they should non merely be involved in the procedure of developing shared vision but brand is a duty to utilize the vision as a usher station in doing determination about learning and larning in the school. Maintain and uphold ethical criterion: Teachers should go on to demo unity, trust in larning communities. They should keep the moral rules of professional moralss by which they set themselves as function theoretical account to pupils, parents and the community in general 5. Ongoing Professional Learning Forms: Committedness to professional acquisition: Ongoing professional preparation is an effectual tool in dispatching instruction pattern and bettering pupils ‘ acquisition. Teacher should go on to develop their professional cognition by reading, transporting out research and reflect on experience. Identify interesting/controversial phrases in each of sphere. 1. Committedness to pupil and pupil acquisition Dedicated in their attention and committedness to pupil larning – interesting 2. Professional Knowledge. Strive to be current and acknowledge its relationship to pattern 3. Professional Practice Polish their professional pattern Apply professional cognition and experience 4. Leadership in Learning Communities Promote and take part in the creative activity of corporate, safe and supportive acquisition communities – controversial 5. Ongoing Professional Learning Acknowledge that a committedness to ongoing professional acquisition is built-in to effectual pattern and to student larning – interesting

Moon Conspiracy essays

Moon Conspiracy essays Early in everyones childhood, you become amazed when you hear we went to the Moon. It gives you that magical feeling inside that you love so much. Landing on the Moon is one of Americas greatest accomplishments. It gives us as a country great pride to say the we are the only ones that went to the moon. Do you think our country would be like it is today, if we could not say that we were first to go to the moon? What if I told you that we never went to the moon? The statement, we have not been to the moon, is not only a controversy it is a conspiracy. You will see how the evidence that says we have been to the moon is easily discredited. Could the whole thing have been staged in some remote location in the desert? I truthfully believe that we did not go to the moon. On July 20, 1969, the United States made a breakthrough, they were the first country to land on the moon. In doing so, they set the standard for space exploration. Landing on the moon showed that the United States space program NASA was more advanced than the Russians. The craft that actually landed on the moon was called the Lunar Module. It had one main engine at the bottom of the craft, and little thrusters on the sides to control the direction (Space Travel). While the evidence that NASA shows is very believable, there are many flaws. One flaw has to do with the audio that was recorded. While listening to the astronauts talking during the decent to the surface of the moon, you never hear any noise from the engine. The loudness of the engine would be anywhere from 140 to 150 decibels which is really loud (Conspiracy Theory). How come you do not hear the engine in the background? This makes you want to question genuineness of the landing. One of the astronauts said the surface was covered in a very fine powder. You can see this through the foot prints that were left there. If the foot prints made such a...

Discussing Cuba By Liz Lochhead Essay Example

Discussing Cuba By Liz Lochhead Essay Example Discussing Cuba By Liz Lochhead Essay Discussing Cuba By Liz Lochhead Essay Cuba, which tells of a short period of two young girls lives, is set in the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, however the play itself was written in 1997. Barbara and Bernadette are best friends living in England, whose familys come from different classes. The play shows how they react to the situation at hand. The Cuban Missile Crisis started because of disagreements over Communism. America was against Communism and wanted to rid the world of it, but Cuba, supported by Russia, wanted to stop America doing this. When, on October 22nd, 1962, Kennedy informed America of nuclear bases being set up on Cuba, just 90 miles from the coast of Florida, everyone believed it was going to be the end of the world. Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba to prevent Russian ships taking additional missiles to Cuba. In response to this, Khrushchev ordered his Soviet field commanders to launch the missiles in Cuba if invaded by U. S forces. If either side pressed the button to launch their missiles on the other country, that country would do the same, causing the end of the world. Deadlocked in this manner, the two leaders of the worlds greatest nuclear superpowers stared each other down for seven days until Khrushchev blinked. Khrushchev ordered all Soviet supply ships away from Cuba and agreeing to remove missiles from Cubas mainland. After several days of teetering on the brink of nuclear holocaust, the world breathed a sigh of relief. The author of the play, Liz Lochhead, is more widely known for her poetry. Because of this style of writing, her play uses many dramatic, poetic affects, which catch the audiences attention. Lochhead brings the characters of the two girls, Barbara and Bernadette to life on stage through various ways, which are typical to teenage girls. Theyre alone, bored and browsing a pile of magazines. It is a mainly teenage girl thing to flick through magazines, make toreador pants, dye their hair and other such things. Rock Hudson finds home cooking great fun and has a gang of his friends over once in a while to try out his speciality. Barbeque Spare Ribs. Another of typical girl things that . The writer does this so it is made clear to the audience how these girls are. The two girls dont fully understand the situation that is going on around them The Cuban Missile Crisis. Bernadette Cu-ba Li-bre. Barbara Whats that?

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story Many students take journalism courses because they like to write, and many journalism courses focus on the craft of writing. But the great thing about news writing is that it follows a basic format. Learn that format, and youll be able to write news stories, whether youre a naturally talented writer or not. Writing Your Lede The most important part of any news story is the lede, which is the very first sentence of a news story. In it, the writer summarizes the most newsworthy points of the story in broad brushstrokes. If a lede is well-written, it will give the reader a basic idea of what the story is about, even if they skip over the rest of the story. Example: Two people died in a rowhouse fire in Northeast Philadelphia last night. See what I mean? From this ​lede, you get the basics: two people killed, rowhouse fire, and northeast Philadelphia. Now, theres obviously a lot more to this story. What caused the fire? Who was killed? What was the address of the rowhouse? And so on. Those details will be in the rest of the story. But the lede gives us the story in a nutshell. Beginners often have trouble figuring out what to put into a lede and what to leave out. Again, think in broad brushstrokes: Give the major points of the story, but leave the smaller details for later. The Five Ws and the H One way to figure out what goes into a lede is to use the five Ws and the H: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who is the story about? What is it about? Where did it occur? And so on. Answer those questions in your lede, and youre covering all the bases. Sometimes, one of those answers will be more interesting than the rest. Lets say youre writing a story about a celebrity who dies in a car crash. Obviously, what makes the story interesting is the fact that a celebrity is involved. A car crash in and of itself is common. Unfortunately, thousands of people die in car crashes every year. So in this example, youll want to emphasize that who aspect of the story in your lede. But what about the rest of the story, the part that comes after the lede? News stories are written in the inverted pyramid format. Sounds weird, but all this means is that the most important information goes at the top, or the beginning of the story, and the least important stuff goes at the bottom. We do this for several reasons. First, readers have a limited amount of time and short attention spans, so it makes sense to put the most important news at the start of the story. Second, this format allows editors to shorten stories quickly on deadline if needed. Its much easier to trim a news story if you know the least important stuff is at the end. Basic News Format The other thing to remember? Keep your writing tight, and your stories relatively short. Say what you need to say in as few words as possible. One way to do this is to follow the S-V-O format, which stands for Subject-Verb-Object. To understand this concept, look at these two examples: She read the book. The book was read by her. Whats the difference between these two sentences? The first one is written in the S-V-O format: She (subject) read (verb) the book (object). As a result, the sentence is short and to the point (four words). And since the connection between the subject and the action shes taking is clear, the sentence has some life to it. You can picture a woman reading a book when you read the sentence. The second sentence, on the other hand, doesnt follow S-V-O. As a result, the connection between the subject and what shes doing has been severed. What youre left with is a sentence thats watery and unfocused. The second sentence is also two words longer than the first. Two words may not seem like a lot, but imagine cutting two words from every sentence in a 10-inch news article. Soon, it starts to add up. You can convey much more information using far fewer words with the S-V-O format.

A Trench Fill Foundation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A Trench Fill Foundation - Assignment Example Since the ground condition has firm clay, therefore there is a need to consider the depth of foundations. Clay exhibits the property to shrink or contract depending on the moisture content present in it (Kenneth, 1993:25). At the same time, if the surrounding area has trees, there is a possibility that the trees would absorb the moisture from the clay and hence, the foundation may experience settlement to a significant level. For this case, it is essential to consider the depth of the foundation. A trench fill foundation is thus ideal for this type of site condition. Research suggests that â€Å"trench fill foundations are quicker to prepare than deep strip foundations. This means that there is less disruption once the building work starts and not as much labour time will be needed. It is less likely that subsidence will occur in cases where there may be changes in the soil's substrata† (Mosley & Bungey, 2000, 48).   The site has different ground conditions and has different soils. Thus, it has a weak bearing capacity. For this purpose, the ideal foundation would be strip, grid or mat foundation. In this case, the suggested foundation is mat foundation. Because of varying ground conditions, majority of the isolated footings would have large areas and thus, it would become uneconomical (Terzaghi et.al, 2006, 256)l. According to the British Code, â€Å"Where the subsoil is very weak the load needs to be spread over a greater area. This is achieved by casting a slab of concrete over the whole ground area and thickening the slab where walls are to be placed†(Perry & Perry, 2009, 118). The design of any reinforced concrete structure aims at a suitable and economical design and for this purpose, mat foundation is ideal. A mat foundation is often used by designers when isolated footings may overlap with one another (Fleming et.al, 2005: 198). A mat foundation is considered to be that type of foundation, which is placed over the entire area. It comprises of reinforced concrete slab, which would be laid over the uneven ground and thus, it would bear the load of the entire structure.   Mat foundation is also ideal for this type of ground condition because of differential settlement. The aim of the mat foundation is to minimize differential settlement (Coduto, 2001, 289). The massive loading of the structure can cause the soil to compress and thus, the structure may experience settlement. For this purpose, the mat is used as an option in order to distribute the entire loads of the buildings and to remove differential settlement.   

Consumer bahaviour to develop a marketing plan Essay

Consumer bahaviour to develop a marketing plan - Essay Example In order to find the appropriate target market for The Alternative, this paper will be using the hybrid segmentation approach called demographic and psychographic profiles. In terms of demographic factors, it was found out that individuals in different often reveal different reasons why they look for healthier options. In the case of individuals within the 18-34 age brackets, being fit and healthy is consistent with their desire to look good. Within the 35-54 circle, the desire shifts as a way to deal with stress. The 55 above groups see it as medical-physical therapy. Looking at these age groups, The Alternative wants to focus on the 18-34 age brackets whose primary intention is to watch their weight and figure (). A part of a healthy lifestyle is an equally healthy diet unavailable in other fast food chains with their fat and calorie-laden offerings. Psychographic factors are also essential considerations. It should be noted that fast food chains often project bad images by providing unhealthy foods like burgers, meat pies, and carbonated drinks. However, consumers are often left with no choice especially if they have a fast-paced lifestyle. Fast-foods are often linked and preferred for their convenience and easy accessibility and perfect for people who love "fast service." The Alternative hopes to cater to this market segment. It is irrefutable that a lot of people, especially university students and young professionals often have less time to prepare their own food and would willingly grab a quick bite from fast food chains. However, these busy individuals also desire to be healthy in spite of their lifestyle. Thus, an alternative food chain would be perfect for them. The Alternative would cater to busy university students and young professionals aged 13-34 who desire to look good by eating healthier food options served in fas t food chains. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Revealing the Motive Looking Maslow's hierarchy of needs, food is categorized at the lowest level of the pyramid together with other physiological needs like air, water, sleep, and clothing. Following these needs are safety needs, love and belongingness, and status or esteem needs. Although food is generally classified a physiological need, The Alternative will design a marketing mix which will not only project its product offering as a way to satisfy this lowest necessity but also the higher ones specifically love and belongingness as well as esteem needs. In the discussion above, it is already clarified that what The Alternative will be serving is the segment which primarily desires to "look good." Thus, the motive underlying the establishment of the fast-food chain goes beyond the mere satisfaction of the appetite and the physiological need to the fulfillment of love and belongingness and esteem needs. The Alternative will not be only offering healthy foods but healthy lifestyle which is needed to look good. Offering low calorie, healthy foods will help individuals to maintain their weight and figure, enhance the beauty of the skin, and fights harmful substances which causes physical imperfections. Having a good image and figure irrefutably translates to gaining love and belongingness, especially now that social acceptance is often based on how a person looks like. Having shapely legs, nice built and well-proportioned figure

One page written reflection on the concept of the substitutability of Research Paper - 1

One page written reflection on the concept of the substitutability of natural capital - Research Paper Example In this respect, natural capital plays an important role in the life and existence of every individual around the world. The continued use of natural capital brings into perspective the concepts of sustainability and substitutability (Markandya and Suzette 9). In essence, these concepts are critically intertwined. The substitutability of natural capital has a direct effect on the sustainability of resources in the environment. The idea of substitutability implies finding an alternative use in place of natural capital. Economists and environmentalists agree to disagree that human capital can substitute natural capital. While some hold the view of human capital replacing natural capital, others contend that the two can only work side by side as opposed to outright substitutability. As a result, the concept of substitutability is not only contentious but also diverse. On one hand, the substitutability of natural capital can be said to be weak. From this point of view, human capital could move in to replace natural capital that could otherwise be depleted from the environment. The idea is to minimize the use and exploitation of natural capital while maximizing the use of human capital (Hussen 144). In this view, human-driven activities take over the place of natural capital without generating catastrophic effects on the environment. For example, generating electricity from wind could ensure substitutability of natural capital through producing energy without harming the natural environment. Another key example is the use of solar panels as opposed to mining coal and oil, both of which are extremely hard to replace. On the other hand, it is difficult to achieve a balanced substitutability of natural capital. In many instances, both natural and human capitals work hand in hand. This means that it is difficult to achieve a one hundred

Read the requirement i send you carefully---marketing Essay

Read the requirement i send you carefully---marketing - Essay Example Like market size, cost of work force and other potential factors are more favoring to industrialist to develop to business in China. However, there are some challenges too that industry developers have to face before starting the business in the market of China. Foreign players have to tackle with cost reduction and local competitors; these are huge challenges for any foreign player. In this we are going to discuss about analysis of electronic market of China with the help of PEST analysis and SWOT analysis of E-Commerce industry of China. PEST analysis of China’ market will aid the reader to understand about its strengths and weakness in aspect of political, economical, social and technological factors, these factors are external factors which aids to analyze e-commerce industry. In other hand SWOT analysis give a brief introduction of Taobao, is e-commerce company in China, so the readers will able to know about the internal’s strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats of the company. Political variables incorporate government regulations and lawful issues and characterize both formal and casual leads under which firm must work. Furthermore it is asserted that the political energy is presumably the most turbulent constrain in natures domain (Fahey & Narayanan, 1986). In the previous one decade, the Chinese government appends extraordinary imperativeness and center to the advancement of e-trade in the most crowded nation, for instance, on issuing the Summaries of the Middle/Long Term Science and Technology Development Plans of China and the Development of Information Industry Plans in the Eleventh Five-year and Long Plan in 2020 Years in The Ministry of Information Industry, the "provision of e-business stage innovation" has been recorded as a key point (Lili, 2011). In term of the lawful framework, the Chinese legitimate skeleton for e-trade is still in its incipient stage and has officially accomplished a few issues. China has restricted

Gender and Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender and Migration - Essay Example Recently, temporary migration is the primary method of international migration particularly for the Asian women. The author has explored a number of probable causes of the migration of women traditionally. Poverty has conventionally been considered as the fundamental cause of the feminization of migration, but the scanty number of female migrants from the low-income countries like Bangladesh compliments this perception. High unemployment rate is also falsified as a driving factor for the feminization of migration because Pakistani women’s representation is minimal in the global migrating women despite the fact that they are less than half as employed as Pakistani men in number. In fact, numerous push and pull factors are working simultaneously. Religion is also not always the determinant of the female migration pattern. Even the network approach does not offer sufficient explanation for the origination of migration. Household roles significantly depict and impact the migration pattern. This book aims at making an integrative approach to determine the causal factors for Asian women’s migration. To accomplish this, the author simultaneously uses the method of agreement and the method of difference to identify the driving factors for Asian women’s migration. The author analyzes the state’s role at the macro level and the women’s autonomy and power of decision making at the micro level. Using social legitimacy, the author will tend to draw a link between the globalization forces and individual autonomy and state policy. The author has identified a very unique topic to explore. Yes, there is an obvious difference between the numbers of female migrants among various Asian countries. I believe that the difference primarily originates in culture. Factors that control Asian women’s migration on the second and third level are religion and need respectively. Asian countries vary in their culture. Countries like

Reacting to Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reacting to Change - Research Paper Example Denial is the principal driving force behind the habit to refuse a change or to deny seeing its importance. Anger or stubbornness is also a driving force which makes many students refuse to give up accustomed ways and welcome something new. Adaptation is also a force behind the reaction when students are convinced to acknowledge the importance of a change and in a response, they try to adjust with the change. Â   Teachers must know how the students react to change. Many teachers are exasperated at the reactions of their students towards different teaching techniques which is why they need to encourage the students to develop a welcoming attitude towards any changes introduced in the classroom. Students cannot modify their antagonistic reactions on their own and teachers’ relentless efforts and consistent support should continue forever. Effective coping mechanisms should be engineered by students and teachers together to modify their reaction to change.

Gender and Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender and Migration - Essay Example Recently, temporary migration is the primary method of international migration particularly for the Asian women. The author has explored a number of probable causes of the migration of women traditionally. Poverty has conventionally been considered as the fundamental cause of the feminization of migration, but the scanty number of female migrants from the low-income countries like Bangladesh compliments this perception. High unemployment rate is also falsified as a driving factor for the feminization of migration because Pakistani women’s representation is minimal in the global migrating women despite the fact that they are less than half as employed as Pakistani men in number. In fact, numerous push and pull factors are working simultaneously. Religion is also not always the determinant of the female migration pattern. Even the network approach does not offer sufficient explanation for the origination of migration. Household roles significantly depict and impact the migration pattern. This book aims at making an integrative approach to determine the causal factors for Asian women’s migration. To accomplish this, the author simultaneously uses the method of agreement and the method of difference to identify the driving factors for Asian women’s migration. The author analyzes the state’s role at the macro level and the women’s autonomy and power of decision making at the micro level. Using social legitimacy, the author will tend to draw a link between the globalization forces and individual autonomy and state policy. The author has identified a very unique topic to explore. Yes, there is an obvious difference between the numbers of female migrants among various Asian countries. I believe that the difference primarily originates in culture. Factors that control Asian women’s migration on the second and third level are religion and need respectively. Asian countries vary in their culture. Countries like

Oprah Winfrey Essay Example for Free

Oprah Winfrey Essay I. Oprah Winfrey is giving, a role model and very successful person I ever seen. Oprah Winfrey revolutionized the talk show market with her unique and natural style and rose to become the host of the most watched daytime show on television, which boasts 22 million viewers daily (three-fourths of whom are women). She is the first African American to own her own TV studio. The multitalented Winfrey is also a billionaire businesswoman, a talented actress, owner of a movie production company, and committed philanthropist II. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society is enormous. Oprah’s private charity ‘The Oprah Winfrey Foundation’ has given thousands of grants to organizations who support education to children, empowerment of women, helping families in America and across the globe. She has donated millions of dollars for providing better education to children’s who have merits, but lack in means. The Oprah Winfrey’s Scholarship Programmed gives scholarships to students who will educate themselves and give back to their community. Her Christmas Kindness South Africa 2002 which is an extension of her pet Foundation visits orphanages and rural schools in South Africa and more than 50000 kids receive gifts in the form of toys, books, food, athletic shoes and clothing. Along with Nelson Mandela, in Dec 2000 she pledged to build a school in South Africa. Her Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa contributed more than $40 million towards girl’s education in Jan 2007.The vision of the Academy is to develop future women leaders of South Africa. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society helps to support women’s shelter, helps establish schools and scholarships, builds youth centers and homes for the poor and the needy, thus bringing in change for the future and changing the world for betterment. Because she has dedicated her whole life to improving other peoples lives, she gives her best selflessly and doesn’t expect anything in return when she does a good cause. And even though she has had a tough childhood she still treats everyone with love and care. Unlike others who could hate everyone because of the terrible things that have happened in the past. She teaches us to pick ourselves up through hard times and to forgive but most of all she teaches us to believe, to believe in ourselves and in our d reams. That is why she is now so successful and such an influential woman and a positive role model. III. In 1977, the station switched her from her news anchor job to co-hosting a morning talk show called â€Å"Baltimore Is Talking. After her first day on the job, she said: This is what I was born to do. This is like breathing. In 1984, Winfrey moved to Chicago to take over a dull morning show called A.M. Chicago that always got the worst ratings in its time slots. Her first move was to change the shows topics from lightweight womens topics† like cooking and makeup to more topical and controversial subjects. This had been Donahues successful strategy and it worked for Winfrey, too. Within one month she was even with Donahue in the ratings; by three months she was ahead of him and the show had been renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory There are increasing number of women continue their careers after given birth to their childs. They are regarded as working mothers, whom are facing many difficulties to keep balance between the work and the family. This phenomenon led to many studies about the effect of maternal employment base on a secure mother-infant attachment.This paper raise the question: many mothers are often confronted with the dilemma of choosing between their jobs or careers, and their children, whether they should come back to work after post partum. The attachment theory in this paper was found by John Bowlby, whom emphasized the importance of mothers attention and care on the infant. He argued that there was a long time last influence on the infant future life. There are also contemporary reasearches suggested that maternal employment have benefits on the family and the infant. The paper analyze the deveopment of mother-infant attachment theories and current studies, to evaluate the positive and negati ve effect to the infant of working mother. Infant-mother attachment Attachment theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. It is a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans pointed out that a young child needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally . According to his study of attachment theory, infant behaviour associated with attachment is primarily the seeking of proximity to an attachment figure, moreover, secure base and safe haven are the features and function of attachment relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them. Many experts agree that the mother-child attachment bond is the term for our first interactive love relationship-the one we had with our primary caregivers, our mothers. The mother-child attachment bond shapes infants brains, profoundly influencing their self-esteem, their expectations of others, and their ability to attract and maintain successful relationships . Nowadays studies also support that during the early development, the infant-mother interaction and the early social experiences may produce long-lasting changes in the brain of the infant with profound behavioral and emotional effects throughout the whole life . The infant behaviors that have been implicated as resulting from this theoretically compromised mother infant relationship have included slight, transient effects on sociability and affective sharing to results suggesting significant increases in irritability, cognitive delays, behavioral problems, and difficulties with attachment among others . Overall, following attachment theory, the early connection developed between a primary child care provider and an infant is essential for development. Lacking of experience make it difficult for them to handle the issue about this new member and family transition, especially for the first-time parenthood. The success or failure of the attachment bond has a life-long effect in a persons life. Maternal employment and infant attachment Whether and how about the mothers working status affect the infant was a topic of great interest in the 1980s. In the context of mothers increased participation in paid work, attention has also turned to the impact of maternal employment and the use of nonmaternal child care as additional factors likely to affect maternal caregiving and the developing attachment relationship. Many scientists, politicians, and parents were worried about the children, especially infant, would suffer if others but not the moter cared for them most of the time , others argued that such worries were based on oppressive sexist prejudices not data . So debates started, positive or negative influence on the attachment of mother and infant, whether working mothers is taking the responsibility of the infant or not. Why do mothers go to work Why mothers go to work; in Hong Kong society, women go to work for more personal and social reasons than for financial reasons. In traditional society, mothers are performing stereotyped roles as be responsible for the household, such as doing housework, preparing dinner, caring of the children and husband. Now in modern society, women are no longer restricted by the traditional mother and wife role. For the economical reason, they want to make more benefits to the family and gain more independence in economic position. For the education standard, women who achieved high educational qualification, want to apply their knowledge to the work and pursue a successful career, and they are needed by the society. For the changing social norms, women are achieving more equalities in work, morevoer, they are not acted as bad moms when they go to work and pay less attention on the children. The whole society tend to accept working mothers. Though several reasons and conditions mentioned above seem to allow mothers to join the workforce, still many of them face with a dilemma regarding their career and family . Still so many mother feel struggling in the situation of whether to work or not. Negative aspect of working mothers According to the above attachment theories, it is easy to acknowledget the harm that would do to the infant lack of attachment. It is to say that negative influences on the development of secure attachment, or even potentially damaging . Fail to provide the child with sufficient structure, recognition, understanding, safety, and mutual accord may lead to become physically and emotionally distant in relationships in later relationship, remain insecure, become disorganized, aggressive and angry, and develop slowly. . A working mother is tend to create an insecure and inconsistent attachment. Stifter, Coulehan, and Fish , found no significant connections between work status and attachment security, but did caught the public attention of the consideration and inclusion of other variables such as maternal separation anxiety and maternal sensitivity. Specially the research did find that infants of mothers who were employed but reported high work-related separation anxiety were more likely to develop anxious-avoidant attachments. And then, a finding suggested that employed mother were less invested in parenthood and had high level of anxiety , implied high anxiety would get in the way of taking good care of the infant. A baby is supposed to grow up to be loving, well adjusted individual. A full-time employed mother would have missed out on being there and watching the baby from up close. These are important formative period, as a mothers instinct, want to be around to strengthen the attachment bond between mother and infant. The effects of maternal employment of secure mother-infant attachment relationship to be negative of majority according to those researches. These evidences support the hypothesis that working mothers increase the risk of some undesirable outcomes, espacilly in the babys first year. Positive aspect of working mothers Do maternal employment have an adverse effect on the children? The answer may be no. In fact, mothers with careers have a positive impact on children, as they serve as good role models. A study in Australia found no relation between maternal employment and infant attachment. In the early study, Bowlby insisted that separation from the mother should be kept to a minimum . However, in the further study, he developed his statement as a subsidiary attachment figure can meet an infants needs adequately in the primary figures absence . In another words, mother was not the only attachment bond to the baby and this finding gave the mother an opportunity to take a breath during the overwhelming duties. She did not need to take the only responsibility to the feedback towards the infant. Later, some scholars emphasized quality but not quantity of the attachment. Too much and too sensative responds to the baby may triggered a spoiling parental style. Prior to an infants self-regulation of external stimuli, parents are responsible . Parents have to learn the difference between too much and too little responds for managing the infant inattentiveness and excessive stimulation. Providing the appropriate amount of feedback for the baby is conducting a healthy attachment bond. I was impressed by a professorss saying that many parents feel very selfish and cruel in leaving their crying young child for the absence time. However, it is not only a beneficial opportunity for her parents, it is also an important lesson in trust for her that you will always be clear about when you are leaving, you will always provide a caring protector while you are gone, and, best of all, you always return to love and protect her . Parents should be comforted that, properly leaving but not always stick to the baby is also buliding a trustful relationship. For the further concern of the baby, Such working mothers tend to emphasise education, and also manage to spend quality time with their children. Talking about the dual income, the standard of living is higher, children get access to better quality education and extra-curricular activities. Acadamic statistic demonstrated this fact: secure parental employment lowers the incidence of poverty and the associated risks to children . The increase in the percentage of children living with a working parent is welcome news, said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Secure parental employment helps to reduce the psychological toll on families, brought on by parental unemployment and underemployment.Secure parental employment may also enhance childrens psychological well-being and improve family functioning by reducing stress and other negative effects that unemployment and underemployment can have on parents. Conclusion As we can see, there are pros and cons about maternal employmet. So we still have to deal with this dilemma and make our own decision. I think there are no right or wrong answers in this case. Whether you want to get back to work from the day you stop nursing your child, or whether you want to be a homemaker your entire life is entirely up to you. Some women find joy in the workplace, while others find it at home. In some conditions, women can handle both children and work well though it is a hard task. Maybe having one does not require sacrificing the other.

Mirror for Man - People are the way that they are Raised :: Mirror for Man Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kluckhohn explained the differences and similarities among the world's peoples by taking different life examples of different cultured people and compared them to another person who was raised up in a different lifestyle. At first, he brought up several questions, asking why certain people do or don't do certain things. These questions were served as guides, which led on to the examples. They also served as attraction to the readers who are curious about different people from another culture. Then he went on to compare people from different cultures in his examples. He compared an American woman, who restricts her husband to only one mate, with a Koryak woman, who shares her husband with another woman; an American raised in China with the Americans raised here in the United States; and lastly, he compared people's reactions from eating the meat of chicken or tuna fish to that of a rattlesnake. Kluckhohn has a strong point in viewing human's culture. I agree with his definition of culture -- "the part of the environment that is the creation of human beings." People react to things differently because they were raised up in different environments with different cultures. No matter who the person is, or where he (or she) was born, his behavior and his personality traits developments would depend on the environment that he is living in. The way people think, feel, react, and behave also are depended upon life experiences. They feel different emotions because they have felt this emotional happiness or sadness before. They think what is right and what is wrong because they have learned from past experiences. They react to different things because they experienced things that please them and the things that displease them. They behave in certain ways because they want to design their way of living into what they have admired from other people's lives. I was born in Hong Kong, the school systems and the people living there are very strict in comparing with the United States. Over in Hong Kong, students go to school for seven hours and then they would go home and spend another seven or eight hours on homework. The school system really forces you to study and do your homework to stay up with the rest of the class. But yet, the students would accept the homework assignments without complaining because they are use to doing so much homework and taking the pressure.

Tobacco: The Cost-effectiveness of Current Smoke-free Policies Essay

1. Introduction Tobacco use constitutes a global epidemic that results in 5 million deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2008). If current trends in tobacco use continue, the number of tobacco-related deaths is expected to rise to 8 million deaths annually by 2030 – with 80 percent of these deaths taking place in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Mathers & Loncar, 2006). Currently, about 10 percent of the world’s smokers live in India (World Health Organization, 2008). The 2009-2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative household survey, found that 34.6% of adults over the age of 15 in India currently use tobacco (International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). The prevalence of tobacco smoking in Gujarat, India, including those using smokeless as well as smoked tobacco is estimated to be 19.8% among males and 1.5% among females(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). Most smokers in India consume bidis, small cigarettes containing, on average, 25 percent less tobacco than the average cigarette (Jha et al., 2008). Despite the smaller amount of tobacco in bidis, they can produce more nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than the average manufactured cigarette because of the way smokers puff on them (Mackay J et al., 2006). One recent nationally representative case-control study found t hat about 70% of smoking-related deaths in India take place during productive years of life between 30-69 years of age (Jha et al., 2008). In addition, the study projected that smoking will kill one million people each year starting in 2010 (Jha et al., 2008). Since 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers a ... ... or sub-national setting. In the past several years, low and middle-income countries have seen an increased number of smoke-free policies (World Health Organization, 2009). However, some of these policies do not meet the FCTC’s recommendations or are poorly enforced at the sub-national level (World Health Organization, 2009). Therefore, it is important to examine the cost-effectiveness of current smoke-free policies to provide decision makers with the evidence needed to strengthen existing policies to meet FCTC requirements. Additionally, given the exceptions in India’s current smoke-free legislation and the high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke found in recent data, there is a particular need for transparent cost-effectiveness analysis of smoke-free legislation in India(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010; Trostle et al., 1999).

Doma Debate

DOMA: Support or Repeal? BCOM 275 DOMA: Repeal or Support? Abstract This debate argues whether the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) should be supported or repealed on the basis of its definition of marriage, its constitutionality, and its impacts on non-heterosexual families. This debate argues that the Defense of Marriage Act should be repealed because its definition of marriage is heavily based on values of tradition in this country and because the definition violates the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution.DOMA: Support or Repeal? The Argument in support of DOMA The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a federal law that was first introduced by Republican Bob Barr from Georgia in May of 1996. The bill passed in the house by a vote of 342-67 and in the Senate by a vote of 85-14. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. DOMA gives states the right not to recognize same-sex marriage that another state has already recognized. Secondly, the law p rovides a federal definition of marriage.DOMA defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman. In this paper, we are going to outline the two major provisions of DOMA. We will explore the federal definition of marriage and whether this is justified. We will further discuss the rights granted to the states and their ability to decline same sex marriage from other states. We will discuss both pros and cons of each part of DOMA, and then provide our teams determination on which is the more persuasive argument. First let’s explore the DOMA mandated federal definition of Marriage.The language, taken directly from the law itself, is defined as follows: â€Å"In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word ‘marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word ‘spouse' refers only to a per son of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife. † By this definition, it is very clear cut that DOMA defines marriage as a traditional man and woman union.Since 1998, following in the footsteps of DOMA, 30 states have had their voters approve constitutional amendments to define marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Although not overwhelming, it is a majority and represents 60% of our states that have taken steps to protect the traditional definition of marriage. The question next becomes a matter of whether this definition, based in tradition is justified? The traditional argument is based in the belief that marriage, rooted in tradition has always been between a man and a woman, and that this is also the best environment to raise children.The belief that marriage should be defined traditionally is not about taking away rights from anyone, it is just about not redefining the word marriage. Many supporters of a marriage definition argue that they don’t have any issues with gay couples; they just want the definition of marriage to be traditional. They are not proponents of banning anyone’s rights. The definition of marriage, is only part of DOMA’s mandate, the second part is the power granted to the states. The second part of DOMA that we will discuss is the rights granted to the state.It is defined as: â€Å"No State, territory, or possession of the United States, or Indian tribe, shall be required to give effect to any public act, record, or judicial proceeding of any other State, territory, possession, or tribe respecting a relationship between persons of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State, territory, possession, or tribe, or a right or claim arising from such relationship. † This very simply means that if you are a same sex couple and were married in a particular state that recognizes same sex marriage, then other states are not required to recognize that marriage.It se rves to protect the rights of the states and the voters who have enacted rules in their states that define marriage as only between a man and a woman. These rights granted to the states are extremely important to respect the laws of the states that are already in place and are being adhered to. It is very important for people who live in a certain place to be able to rely on the community beliefs being upheld legally and not be changed when couples from other states move there and want the same recognition as they had in another state.It helps protect the states’ rights, and although some will argue that what is good for one state should be good for another, it is important to have the voters of each state decide what is right and wrong. The decision of DOMA to grant this power to states helps preserve this sense of community and provide a stable way ahead in this matter. The Argument to repeal DOMA The Defense of Marriage act should be repealed because it discriminates again st same-sex couples; it violates the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment: and because it simply is not necessary.Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996 because of the concern of states that do not support same-sex marriages. Section 3 of DOMA states:   â€Å"In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word ‘marriage’ means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word ‘spouse’ refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife† (CNN Washington, 2011).This definition of marriage clearly discriminates against those individuals who desire to legally enter into marriage with persons of the same gender because it prohibits such individuals from obtaining any of the rights afforded to persons who marry opposite their gender. This act of disc rimination toward same-sex couples violates the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment by requiring the federal government to deny recognition of the existing legal marriages of same-sex couples (Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, 2012).The Fifth Amendment has an explicit requirement that the Federal Government not deprive individuals of â€Å"life, liberty, or property,† without due process of the law and an implicit guarantee that each person receive equal protection of the laws (Find US Law, 2012). Because Section 3 of DOMA excludes same sex couples from having their marriages recognized legally under federal law it does, in fact, deprive those individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. For many people, regardless of their sexual orientation, marriage is a major event in life.DOMA deprives homosexual individuals from fully participating in marriage because they do not reap the same benefits from marriage as their heterosexual cou nterparts. DOMA treats married same-sex couples as unmarried for purposes of all 1,138 federal laws in which marital status is a factor (Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, 2012). For example, at tax time, legally married same-sex couples suffer financially because of they are unable to file their federal tax returns jointly, as heterosexual married couples do. They also they don’t have the same access to Social Security benefits as heterosexual couples.Children of same-sex couples do not have the same inheritance rights in regards to Social Security and retirement benefits as do children of heterosexual couples, because both parents cannot be listed on their birth certificate. Same-sex spouses also do not have the same next of kin rights in making medical decisions during a medical crisis for their spouse. In order for them to have any decision making role, they are forced to take additional legal steps just to provide their spouse with a decision making capacity, that is a utomatically and freely afforded to married heterosexual couples.The fact that Section 3 of DOMA discriminates against homosexuals was supported on February 23, 2011, when a public letter was sent to the House of Representatives by Attorney General Eric Holder. In his letter Holder wrote, â€Å"The President and I have concluded that classifications based on sexual orientation warrant heightened scrutiny and that, as applied to same-sex couples legally married under state law, Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional. In the letter, Holder also informed the Speaker of the House that the Department of Justice of the United States would no longer defend DOMA â€Å"unless and until Congress repeals Section 3 or the judicial branch renders a definitive verdict against the law’s constitutionality. †Ã‚   The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted by Congress to exclude same sex married couples from being able to receive the same benefits afforded to opposite sex married couples.S ection 2 of DOMA states: â€Å"No state, territory, or possession of the United States, or Indian tribe, shall be required to give effect to any public act, record, or judicial proceeding of any other State, territory, possession, or tribe respecting a relationship between persons of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State, territory, possession, or tribe, or a right or claim arising from such relationship. † Only states can marry people and Congress has always deferred to state status determinations.The Tenth Amendment provides that powers that the Constitution does not delegate to the United States and does not prohibit the states from exercising, are â€Å"reserved to the States respectively, or to the people† (New World Encyclopedia, 2009). Since each state has the sovereign right to decide on whether same-sex marriage is legal or not, there is no need for the Defense of Marriage Act. Additionally DOMA not only violates the Fif th Amendment, it violates and was written to circumvent Article IV, Section 1, of the U. S. Constitution, more commonly known as the Full Faith and Credit Clause.The Full Faith and Credit Clause provides â€Å"Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. † (Wikipedia. org, Full Faith and Credit Clause). Essentially, the clause states that evidence, judicial proceedings, and the like, if accepted by in the state it took place in, must be accepted in any other state. This is exactly how a marriage in good legal standing in Michigan is recognized in good legal standing, in California.While this clause has been applied to family law protective orders and child support collection, it was never applied to force any state to recognize an interracial marriage, p rior to all laws banning such marriages were struck down by the Supreme Court, in 1967. To date, the clause has never been applied to any same sex marriage. DOMA unnecessarily contradicts this clause and creates a needless legal quandary by allowing states to pick and choose which regulations they will honor, from other states, all the while further engendering further discrimination.Not only does this clause apply to interstate legal matters, it is applied to international marriages. The definition of marriage, as defined by DOMA, prevents the federal, and thus the state government from recognizing same sex marriages from countries where it is legal. This then also impacts the legal and economic rights of immigrants and international travelers. DOMA has been cited as protecting traditional marriage and supporting the family unit. DOMA only provides a definition of marriage, it does nothing to upport or protect traditional, heterosexual marriages or the children of those marriages. DOMA only protects economic and legal privileges for heterosexual married couples. As such, it condones and enforces discrimination based on the gender of married couples. Non heterosexual families have and raise children, our future community members, just like heterosexual couples. By not repealing DOMA, we as a nation, are telling future generations that it is acceptable to withhold legal, inheritance, medical and economic rights and privileges, based upon someone’s gender.Conclusion The arguments of this debate have been made a team of individual who have differing views on this legislation. We have respectfully agreed to conclude our arguments, based on a majority vote, which in this case, is for repealing DOMA. While DOMA established a federally determined definition of marriage based on tradition, that very definition unjustifiably restricts certain rights afforded to heterosexual couples from non-heterosexual couples.DOMA serves to act as a divisive piece legislation that does nothing to protect heterosexual married couples, or their families, all the while, endangering same-sex couples’ financial, legal, medical, and inheritance rights, and destabilizing their families. DOMA violates the Fifth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution, as well as contradicts Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution, the Full and Fair Credit Clause, and needlessly creates national and international ligation.Ultimately, DOMA should be repealed because it is discriminatory, divisive, and unconstitutional. References CNN Washington. (2011, February 23). The 1600 Report`. Retrieved from CNN Politics: http://whitehouse. blogs. cnn. com/2011/02/23/attorney-general-declares-doma-unconstitutional/ Dayna K. Shah. (2004). GAO-04-353R Defense of Marriage Act. Washington D. D. , : U. S. G. A. O. Defense of Marriage Act. (2004). Retrieved from http://www. pbs. org/newshour/bb/law/gay_marriage/act. html Find US Law. (2012). U. S. Constitution- 5th and 14th Amendments. Retri eved from

Mud City Book Report Essay

Mud City by Deborah Ellis has a person vs. self conflict. Throughout the book, the main character Shauzia is constantly battling with herself so she can make her way from Pakistan to France. At the age of fourteen and living in current Pakistan, she has many things to deal with each day including other people who make her doubt herself. But, she is determined to finish her journey and prove those people wrong. Mrs. Weera helped Shauzia into the refugee camp. Although some people would kill to get into there and have any sort of food and shelter, Shauzia wants more. When she asks to get paid for all of her services that she has done in the camp, Mrs. Weera denies even the thought of it. â€Å" ‘You don’t know what it’s like out there. You’ve always been taken care of. You won’t be able to manage on your own’ † (Ellis 19). Shauzia was furious by this accusation and made up her mind immediately. She would leave this camp and prove herself to Mrs. Weera. But when Shauzia had been delivered back to the camp after a very interesting journey alone in Peshawar, she realizes that they don’t care if she proves herself or not. To Shauzia, it seemed as though Mrs.  Weera did not care enough to even pay her any attention. So Shauzia devised a plan to sneak into the locked flour shack and prove herself once again by stealing flour for her part of camp. But as she was running from the shack a man grabbed the flour out of her arms and proceeded to hit her. â€Å"He raised his arm and slammed his fist into Shauzia’s head. She dropped to the ground. Her head hit the dirt with a thud, and she watched the man run off with her flour† (Ellis 133). She woke up in a hospital bed with a broken leg and cast sometime later. All she could think about was how she had failed to keep the flour from the man. Children always seem to think they are smarter than adults. Even if someone says not to do something, they try to prove how cool they are by doing it anyways. Shauzia continues to do this throughout the book. Eventually she finds that the only person she is proving things to is herself. She decides to continue her journey with someone who she always thought needed to be proved wrong†¦ Mrs. Weera. In the end, Shauzia realizes that other people haven’t always been her problem. Her problem is herself. Finally at the beginning of yet another journey, she finds that this constant battle with herself has come to a close.

FDE 1000 part a Essay

I am currently working in a small privately run day nursery on a housing estate and have been there now for nearly six years. Within my setting I have two job roles both of which I am very clear as to what my roles and responsibilities are. Common core (2010,2ek) First of which is Deputy officer in charge which has been my role now for nearly two years and holds many responsibilities and challenges on a daily basis, my main responsibilities relate to assisting my manger in the day to day running of the setting and working very closely with all the staff, assisting in interviews working with current and new parents and also working very closely with other agencies involved in the nursery including speech therapist, child physiologists, ofsted and the local authority. My other job role is lead practitioner in the preschool room looking after children aged between two years to four years old. Here my role consists of working closely with my senior nursery practitioner in planning and observing the children in the preschool, helping to prepare them for their transition into primary school. CC (2010,4bs) implementing the daily routine, making sure health and safety towards the children and staff is maintained at all times and mentoring the other staff who work in the preschool room including nursery assistants and trainees. I have many strengths within my job roles but also many weaknesses which I work every day towards improving through observing what others do, listening to what others say and also through teaching myself new things. Completing my training needs analysis made me more aware of strengths and weakness I was unaware of which I had which has brought to light different things in which I need to work on improving to help maintain my knowledge and to help improve my practice. I have worked closely with my work-based mentor and the settings manager to put an action plan into place to improve my practice to the best it can be over the next twelve months, this action plan is based on what areas I have found I need to improve on using my training needs analysis. By completing my Training needs analysis and recently returning to working within a room in my setting which has only been for two months now, I have realised according to the early years teachers standards I do not have such a secure knowledge of early childhood development and I do need to work on how this leads to the children learning successfully when they get to school Early years teachers standards(2013, S3:1) I am not as fully aware of all the new EYFS changes as I thought I was which if I do not change this will effect the learning and development of the children within my care. I have found that when I am now completing the children’s learning journals I need a lot of support from the other staff members in my room to make sure I am observing each child correctly and that I am linking each observation to the correct area of the eyfs and not giving a false indication of where the children may be up to developmentally, before all the changes took place I was always very confident in this area. I do realise I know enough on the new eyfs to be able to plan and track the next steps of development for the children as I am aware of how to observe and find I am very confident in this particular area, but I also know that If I took part in some more research related to the this through reading books provided by my work setting and researching the many options available to me online that I will be able to give the children a better chance of being ready and prepared for their transition to primary school. I am also willing to search for possible training opportunities on the new EYFS through the national day nurseries association as we have took part in training through them in the past. I have put this on my action plan to complete by February of next year as I feel there is a lot of research that can be done to help me in this area and feel that I have given myself enough time to do this research. Also through reflection I have realised I need to update my safeguarding training. In my setting we have a lead safeguarding officer who is the nursery manager, recently my manger has had some prolonged time off and therefore it has become my duty to step into this role as lead safeguarding officer. I am aware of safeguarding and have some knowledge in this area although through looking at my training needs analysis and stepping up into this role it has made me realise I lack confidence in this area and need support. I am able to recognise when a child is at risk but need to build a lot of confidence around acting upon this through my own judgement rather than consistently needed advice and support EYTS (2013, S7:3) although I do understand when it comes to safeguarding issues advice and support from others is essential providing it is within reason and kept confidential. During my time at my setting I have dealt with some safeguarding instances as a support for my manager and parents. I am aware that my safeguarding training certificate Is now out of date and it is f great importance that I take part in a new training course to refresh my knowledge so I am able to act upon legal requirements regarding safeguarding and am more aware and confident in promoting the welfare of the children in my care EYTS (2013, S7:1). Also as I am now deputy officer in charge and lead practitioner within my setting I am aware that I will need to take part in a higher level safeguarding course as I have only took part in level one, I am now looking into doing my safeguarding level two for room leaders and management. By taking part in this training I will be more confident in employing practices which will help to promote the children’s health and safety within my setting EYTS (2013,S7:2). I have put this on my action plan to complete by April of next year which I feel gives me time to find the correct course suited to my needs and the needs of the children that I look after. When it comes to observing the children and writing the observations next steps I am quite confident in doing this where I start to lack the confidence is using these next steps to support the planning for each individual Childs needs, I always state a next step in my observation but don’t always add this to my planning to show progression and development in particular areas for the children EYTS (2013,S4:1). I am currently planning to take part in a staff-planning meeting CC(2010,1cs) this meeting will be regarding our settings planning to air my concerns about my knowledge and confidence and hope this will help by hearing other staff member’s views and advise as well as any concerns that they may have. I a hoping by doing this it will bring to light changes I need to make and possibly the whole setting need to make to be more able to plan balanced activities for the children based on the age and developmental stage and help myself be more confident in recognising other circumstances that may effect the children learning and development EYTS (2013,S4:2). I have added this as part of my action plan and hope to have this completed by December as I feel it is an important part of the day to day running of the setting to be able to have full understanding of the planning we do as if we do not understand it properly it can effect the children’s learning in the future and effect their transition into primary school. My job role as deputy officer in charge comes with a lot of responsibility I have never undergone any management training and have taught myself how to be efficient as deputy manager along the way over the past twenty two months. In many situations as part of my job role I am very confident and do believe I am a good positive leader, I listen to and take in everything that is said to me by other staff members and am very understanding towards all situations CC(2010,1as). I have took part in interviews, meetings with other professionals and staff meetings during my time as deputy but I have not taken lead role in any of these situations and believe I lack confidence in this area EYTS (2013, S8:3) I am aiming to take lead in my first staff meeting and have targeted this for January of next year so that I have sufficient amount of points to discuss during this meeting. I am hoping by doing this it will help to build my confidence as a deputy officer I charge in group situations where the focus is solely on myself EYTS (2013,S8:5). I am more confident in my job role as lead practitioner in preschool as I have more experience within this area although through recent reflection I have noticed I need to be more assertive to other staff around me and to delegate more tasks to the staff in my room to help them to develop their abilities in all areas, I need to be more aware that as lead practitioner other staff member will be looking up to me and what I do in my role as support for themselves EYTS(2013,S8:4) therefore if I teach my knowledge and understanding towards everything work related to the other staff members they will hopefully see me as a good role model for themselves as they work towards furthering their own careers in childcare CC(2010,4as) I will look at holding room meetings in the near future to help to build on this confidence I have in myself and my team will have in me we can use these meetings as a learning experience for all team members to work more efficiently together and help myself within my lead practitioner role. I will plan to place this alongside leading the whole settings staff meeting. I n my setting or any setting previous to this one I have not completed a personal development profile before, I have recently started to gather information to start creating my personal development profile since starting my course. I have set myself a target to have this completed as much as it can be up to now to help me with my development EYTS (2013,S8:6) By starting this file I have realised more of my strengths, weaknesses and achievements during my career so far. Over the next few months I am going to work with my work based mentor and nursery manager to organise my personal development profile efficiently and through the duration of this course and my future job roles and prospects I am going to work hard towards contributing to and improving my file to help benefit myself in anything I do in the future. The target I have set myself for having my file started is October as I feel it is an important part of the progress I have made so far in my career. I have realised since completing my training needs analysis that I have strengths and weakness in many areas of my job roles. I have not previously reflected upon my practices as a nursery nurse lead practitioner or deputy officer in charge and have realised how important self reflection is to help with gaining a more efficient knowledge of my own work and how I need to improve, in my main job role as deputy officer in charge not only is it important for myself to gain higher knowledge and keep up to date with changes that take place but it is also important to all other staff members as they look to me as their leader and my achievements and knowledge can have an effect on others and what they do in the future of their own careers. Self reflection has made me realise how much work I actually need to under go to make myself become the best I can possibly be for myself and for my whole team now and in the furute. EYTS (2013,S8:6,S8:7) Bibliography Children’s workforce development council (2010) common core of skills and knowledge for the children’s workforce National college for teaching and le adership (2013) teachers standards (early years)

An Enquiry into The Efficiency of Celebrity Endorsement As A Marketing Dissertation

An Enquiry into The Efficiency of Celebrity Endorsement As A Marketing Communication Strategy In Modern Day Society - Dissertation Example Consumers are bombarded with advertisements featuring popular celebrities from various fields, thus exposing them to thousands of attractive images and voices – be it in print i.e. magazines, newspapers, billboards, or websites or through other audio-visual media such as radio and television. The use of celebrities for advertising has existed historically, but the trend has caught momentum and the use of celebrities for endorsing brands has increased substantially over the recent decades and is known to have a substantial and positive impact on a companies’ profitability (Erdogan, 2001). According to Shimp (2000) one out of four commercials on television on American television features a celebrity. The main aim of brands is to attract the attention of their prospective consumers and communicate information about their products to their target audience, by highlighting various attributes of their brand and associating the same with a popular celebrity. This paper aims to analyze, and understand the effectiveness of the use of celebrities for brand endorsements as a marketing strategy. ... Figure 1: Royal Cocoa Advertisement, 1884 Although the use of celebrities was relatively less as compared to that witnessed in present times (Kaikati, 1987), as celebrities in those days were vary of associating with a brand and risking their credibility in the process. The late 1970s saw a sharp rise in the trend, where celebrities began to consent to associate with certain brands (Thompson, 1978). With the expansion of film industry and a simultaneous growth in the television sector, the number of celebrities rose substantially, and the avenues for advertisements too increased manifold, as the marketers now had an access to a wider variety of celebrities to choose from. The trend was similar in most of the countries across the globe. In UK for instance, according to a report published in a magazine (Marketing, 1996) the brands which featured celebrities as their key endorsers were quick to grab national headlines and gain instant popularity. The success of use of celebrities as bra nd ambassadors could be established from the fact that the amount offered to them crossed over one billion dollars. Such an offer was made mostly to athletes, owing to their fame and popularity among the consumers. Celebrity Endorsers: Meaning, Relevance and Significance It is common knowledge now, that most of the retail advertisements today feature celebrities (White et al., 2009). The term celebrity endorser includes all popular people from various fields such as films, sports, or artists and who have achieved significant success in their respective fields (James, 2004). According to McCracken (1989) the term celebrity endorser can be defined as "any individual who enjoys