Lincoln’s Presidency and Its Hallmarks on Future Presidents

â€Å"What are the most important hallmarks of Lincoln's leadership that influenced later presidents such as Teddy Roosevelt as they considered the role of the US presidency in American political life? † As the only President to preside over an American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln entered the office of the presidency with mounting challenges ahead of him. The country’s overwhelming divide regarding the issue of slavery proved to be the central issue in the 1861 elections. President Lincoln’s strong resolve to reunite the union catalyzed a sharp shift in his beliefs regarding the weight of power in the executive branch, helping Lincoln strengthen the office of the Presidency like never before. This set a precedent for future Presidents, notably Theodore Roosevelt, whose legislation on big business and â€Å"speak softly and carry a big stick† methodology to foreign relations, while thoroughly of his own design, most certainly finds its roots in the empowered President Lincoln. Lincoln entered the Presidency rooted in the beliefs that the executive branch’s power came second to the legislative, as stated in the Constitution. His â€Å"immediate predecessors—Democrats Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan—had set the pattern for a weak executive, conceiving their roles as little more than clerks†¦ who either approved or disapproved legislation developed from Congress’s agenda,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 175). However, following the secession of seven southern states immediately after Lincoln’s election, his focus became reuniting the union: â€Å"he sought to reassure his fellow countrymen and to prevent more states from seceding,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 175). To accomplish this, Lincoln was headfast in his decisions, often reaching beyond traditional executive power and, in effect, overriding the other branches of government. These decisions were extremely controversial: Groiler Encyclopedia says, â€Å"As a commander in chief Lincoln was soon noted for vigorous measures, sometimes at odds with the Constitution. Three controversial decisions Lincoln made include the implementation of a military draft, suspension of habeas corpus in many regions, and finally, a plan to end slavery in his 1862 annual message to Congress. All of these events were controversial and Lincoln was accused of ignoring the Constitution in many instances, yet he justified it to many by claiming that it was necessary â€Å"in the name of ‘popular demand and public necessity,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). In essence, Lincoln’s power was â€Å"a funneling of powers, delivered to other branches of government in peacetime, into the presidential office in wartime. He was centralizing authority,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). In text titled â€Å"A Constitutional History of the United States,† author Andrew McLaughlin analyzes constitutional problems of the civil war, saying that â€Å"The justification for such a step must be the existence of actual disorder or a condition which seriously threatens civil authority. Herein lies the debate, should a President have the moral right to break the Constitution in order to save it? One of the first policies to centralize the Executive Branch’s power was the implementation of a military draft in the beginning of Lincoln’s presidency: â€Å"On May 3 Lincoln issued a proclamation summoning 42,034 volunteers to serve for three years; he also called for an increase of the regular army by the addition of 22,714 of ficers and men, and for the enlistment of 18,000 seamen,† (McLaughlin, 1935, 615). This proves to be controversial because it was â€Å"employing a war power without a declaration of war,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). Lincoln’s claim was that â€Å"he was constitutionally designated as commander-in-chief and that the military peril to the Union made such actions necessary,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). The draft caused riots in New York, as people vehemently opposed its institution. Another instance of policy that was implemented with this newfound executive power was that he suspended the right of habeas corpus in many regions. According to text published in the journal titled â€Å"History Today,† habeas corpus â€Å"makes the force at the disposal of the chief executive subject to regulation by the courts. With it, a judge can demand that a prisoner be brought before him to evaluate whether the prisoner's detention is legal. Without it, an unlawfully incarcerated individual has no legal remedy. † The suspension of this right is one of the most controversial aspects of the Lincoln Presidency: â€Å"If Lincoln did not constitutionally have the power to uspend habeas corpus, then by doing so he fundamentally altered the freedom of American citizens,† (Kleinfeld, 1997, 24). In defending accusations mostly made by Democrats that he was stripping Americans of their civil rights and liberties, Lincoln claimed that he didn’t even believe a law was violated: â€Å"The Constitution, he argued, does not expressly prohibit the president from suspending the writ, and it is unreasonable that a danger should run its course until Congress can be assembled,† (Kleinfeld, 1997, 24). This defense was often used in Lincoln’s behalf. According to Brinkley and Dyer, the issue was â€Å"time and the necessity of acting quickly†¦ † They also explain how it was often claimed to simply be efficient for the centralized power in the executive branch: â€Å"The presidency carried with it a unity of office which allowed for swift action impossible for the legislature,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). Congress agreed to this justification for Lincoln’s centralized power; they â€Å"retroactively endorsed his actions, declaring them ‘legalized and made valid,’ as if Congress itself had enacted them. † (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). The final instance of a decision made using Lincoln’s strengthened Presidential powers was a plan delivered to Congress in his 1862 address to its members. In this annual address, Lincoln proposed that Congress provide bonds to pay slave states that abolished slavery before 1900. He also, in the same address, proposed that Congress give money to help the colonization of those former slaves who chose to move. This incentive to hasten the end of slavery was thoroughly Lincoln’s design, and â€Å"was an unusual display of executive decision to Congress,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 181). These are just a few of the examples detailing the centralization of power to the executive branch that occurred during Lincoln’s administration. He effectively transformed the institution of the Presidency, as many presidents after him have kept up the centralization of power as tradition. An example of a later president who also ran his administration in this fashion is Theodore Roosevelt. Like Lincoln, Roosevelt presided over the nation at a crossroads: the â€Å"divide between the nineteenth century and the wentieth, between the old presidency and the modern chief executive, between the old state and the new,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 268). Following in Lincoln’s precedent, Roosevelt’s decisions over the regulation of big business in this fledging industrial nation, as well as his ‘speak softly and carry a big stick’ methodology to foreign policy, thoroughly illustrate this strong funneling of power into the office of the Presidency. At the beginning of Roosevelt’s administration, the big business era was just beginning. The United States had turned away from the isolationism which preceded the Spanish-American War. Now a world power with quickly expanding foreign markets, the United States was considered a major industrial nation,† (Business and Economy in the 1900s, 1997). With this industrialization came consequences and fears regarding the growth of big business and power of large corporations. The growth of big business and its corresponding fears became the central issue to Roosevelt’s domestic policy. Roosevelt implemented multiple laws in hopes of regulating large corporations, most notably his antitrust measures. According to a text titled Business and Economy in the 1900s, â€Å"†¦ it was not until the Roosevelt administration that cases were pursued against business owners and labor unions. † Most notably was the Northern Securities case, in which the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the company had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, which had been on the books for decades. Brinkley and Dyer explain that, â€Å"Although Roosevelt did not want to eliminate large corporations, he used antitrust prosecutions to enhance the authority of the executive branch,† (274). Just as Lincoln used policy to enhance his powers as president, so did Roosevelt: over 40 antitrust legislations were filed under Roosevelt’s presidency. Still focusing on the domestic issue of big business regulation, Roosevelt’s creation of The Bureau of Corporations was another notable event. After Roosevelt’s introduction of the Bureau in 1903, it was created by Congress to â€Å"investigate and publicize the behavior of giant corporations,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 275). This Bureau is what helped investigate the companies and then catalyzed legislation, furthering antitrust laws made under Roosevelt’s administration. Also parallel to the central power during Lincoln’s presidency, the president helped validate and get more power to the Executive Branch when he positioned himself to look like â€Å"the representative of a public frightened and angry over a new threat from business,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 275). This is parallel to the power Lincoln managed to obtain when positioning himself to look like a representative of a frightened public during the beginnings of the Civil War, angry over slavery issues. Both men used their positions and the time in history to be seen in the same light. In terms of foreign policy, Roosevelt strived to make the United States’ power reach global heights. His â€Å"speak softly and carry a big stick† approach to foreign relations reflected that the way the country handled its foreign relations depended entirely on the President, not Congressional legislation. An example of this includes events that occurred following his December 1904 State of the Union address, in which Roosevelt reinforced his ‘Big Stick Policy† by saying that â€Å"chronic wrongdoing by Latin American states would compel the United States ‘to an exercise of an international police power,’† (Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy, 1998). This policy, reminiscent of the Monroe Doctrine, is known as the Roosevelt Corollary. It was first put into effect just weeks later, when Roosevelt negotiated a treaty with the Dominican Republic saying that the US would manage the Dominican Republic’s foreign debts. Mirroring events of the Lincoln administration, â€Å"when the Senate refused to ratify the treaty, the president carried it out by executive order, a move that touched off much criticism at home,† (Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy, 1998). In this case, Roosevelt used his Big Stick policy to pass legislation rejected by the Congress, just because he was President and his office had the power to do so. It is much like Lincoln’s implementation of policy without Congressional approval during the Civil War. To conclude, President Lincoln helped to strength the power of the Executive Branch like never before, helping give the Presidency more control of both domestic and foreign relations. At a delicate crossroads in American history—the Civil War—Lincoln used the unique time to gain power through instatement of the draft, suspension of habeas corpus, and his proposals of bills to Congress. Following this precedent, President Theodore Roosevelt, also at a crossroads in United States history at the beginning of industrialization and big business, used similar tactics to gain and retain centralized control in the Executive branch through his trust-busting efforts and legislation on big business at home, as well as his â€Å"Big Stick† policies abroad.

Albert Einstein Flashcards Example for Free (#11)

Albert Einstein Who called him public enemy number one? Why? Hitler, because he didn’t help build the atomic bomb so he wanted to make Einstein look like he betrayed Germany What president did he write a letter to and why? Roosevelt, to warn him about Germany planning to build an atomic bomb When did he win a nobel prize and what for? 1922 and for his photoelectric theory How old was he when he built a 14 story house of cards? Einstein was a pacifist, which meant†¦ He doesn’t believe in solving problems with violence When and by who was he asked to be president? How many wives and children did he have? What did he say Americas worst disease was? Why do we not know his dying words? They were said in German, the nurse in the room was American What inspired him to be a scientist? A compass he got when he was young, fascinated by the invisible force moving the hand When was he born and when did he die? Born – March 14 1879 Died April 18th 1955 Why did he charge money for his autographs? So he could donate the money to charity What magazine voted him person of the century? He loved sailing†¦ why was this ironic? When he came to America what did he work as? A professor in Princeton NJ, made $10,000 a year Thomas Harvey for 20 years, kept it in his car trunk He had an abdominal aneurysm, refused surgery and bled to death We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy We will write a custom sample essay on

The Challenges of Managing Behaviour Effectively Essay

The Challenges of Managing Behaviour Effectively - Essay Example According to the report managing student behaviour in a classroom is a major issue for high school teachers in the UK. Effective classroom management skills are vital issues in the teaching and learning environment. Teachers who can manage students’ behaviour help students to perform better than teachers who may not do the same. All teachers have a role to play to ensure that there is a positive classroom environment for learning.As the research highlights managing the behaviour of students effectively require knowing what to do at a particular time, when to and how to do it to bring desired results.   Teachers must understand the mechanisms that will lead to positive impacts on the behaviour of students. Although some teachers may do this instinctively without training, others will require extensive training to master these skills. Such teachers communicate high expectations, are calm in challenging situations, and motivate even the unruly students. On the other hand, admin istrators need to ensure that teachers know the mechanisms of managing behaviour in schools to direct students in the right way.  Students’ behaviour may range from those that are somewhat normal to those that are problematic. Some of the negative behaviours among students may involve failing to follow school rules and talking back to teachers and fellow students. Some of the more serious negative behaviours involve aggression, physical violence and getting involved in risky actions that include the use of alcohol or banned substances.

TNT Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TNT Scenario - Essay Example Scenario planning is an important strategic tool for improving the effectiveness of strategy (Glesecke, 1998, p.43). It is not about scenario writing but is more related to strategic planning (Lindgre, and Bandhold, 2003 p.21). For example, TNT wants to obtain and maintain its strategic objectives in the European market. For this purpose, it decides that till the end of 2015, it will have to increase 5 per cent market share in the European market. To implement this change, more effective strategy is required in which the PEST (political, economic, social and technological) factors will be considered. Currently, the political environment looks stable and more business friendly than ever before. Subsequently, the cost inflation and cost of living are showing more stability because the entire European economy has recently recovered its debt crisis and the businesses and consumers are experiencing a rising confidence in the business activities. Moreover, the technological changes are tak ing place which can directly or indirectly put positive effect on the business activity. After this environmental scanning, TNT must increase its marketing and promotion cost along with providing and offering a range of incentives and discounts for attracting customers from untapped markets. In this regard, it is important to highlight that marketing cost should be increased by 30 per cent as this will increase more chances of attracting new customers. In this strategy, social media, print and electronic media should used. Technological advancement is the biggest threat for the company. TNT mainly relies on providing postal services across the world. However, recent changes in the technology in which paper-free sharing of information and more digital communication are being preferred. In this regard, TNT faces serious threat from the technological changes because new methods are being created which make the previous Technology can also be termed as an opportunity for the company. In this regard, it is important to highlight that the requirements and needs for business to business and business to customer have not changed much and still correspondence and communication is vital part of their business strategy. However, they have changed their communication method from postal to the digital aspect. If TNT decides to revamp its business strategy by investing in research and development especially in the field of information technology, then, there are chances that the company will be in a position to avail this opportunity.

Criminology research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminology research paper - Essay Example The killer could achieve their gratification through posing the body in different ways as well as propping the body in diverse ways and in insertion of objects into the victim’s bodily openings. Such murderers are usually viewed as sadistic sexual psychopaths. The classification of the murder related to lust is done according to the crime scene mostly with regard to psychopathology of the scene. Moreover, a homosexual or heterosexual orientation could also be involved in lust murders. The organized offender could be identified if the murderer tortures and kills to gain sexual gratification, which can also be categorized as prototype serial killer. The disorganized lust killers also exhibit similar behaviors although the difference between the two murderers is the inability of the disorganized felon to escape and avoid being caught. These individuals are usually arrested while committing the crime or shortly afterwards. On the other hand, the organized felon is categorized as a bove average with regard to intelligence. This is because they undertake crimes that are well thought out and planned carefully. The criminal mostly undertakes the crime away from their areas of residence or employment. The organized felon travels a long distance before identifying the place to commit the crime as compared to the disorganized felon. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCCK.SDKLHJSNFLNJKLkdldncmcmkdjfherpojfvv m,

Community Relations & Media Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Community Relations & Media Relationships - Essay Example Public relations activities on the other hand have very minimal or no public participation, with the citizens receiving information of what has been agreed upon by the institution. Public relation activities serve mostly the wellbeing of the organization and the society is the reason why the activity is undertaken, but the members of the community are not the ones who undertake the task (Kowalski, 2007). 2. How Can Principals Identify and Analyze Relevant Publics? Principals can identify relevant publics in schools by verifying who are the customers, producers, enablers and limiters in the setup. They identify who are the major publics of the institution, who are the major publics concerning the given situation at hand and the key opinion leaders of the community or public. This will identify their customers who in this regard will include students and teachers, producers who could include teaching staff, donors and banks, enablers who could include the media, guidance and career cou nselors. They will also identify limiters who could include other schools, universities or learning institutions in the area. Analysis of publics is also vital since it enables principals to get vital information concerning relevant publics which is very imperative for the accomplishment of the program in question (Kowalski, 2007). Principals analyze relevant publics informally through research such as interviews or through formal methods such as surveys or focus groups. They analyze the consequences the public has on the institution and vice versa. 3. Discuss Ways Principals Can Influence the Development of Community Relations. Principals can influence the development of community relations by various ways which could include the encouragement of use of school facilities by the community after normal school times which is a good use of resources. They can also introduce a banquet to honor old students where prominent people can be invited as speakers. They can also introduce a seni or citizens banquet which can be hosted by a department of the school where the senior citizens can be involved in the preparations, which will create a bond between the community and the school. A career day can be introduced which will allow the students to have educational information about their future careers and also the community to learn about the students and the school, to understand their future employment needs. The principals can also introduce the distribution of periodic newsletters to the families of the students and other members of the community around the school (Kowalski, 2007). The principals can also introduce senior citizens passes which can allow the citizens to attend school functions without being charged. This will make them feel appreciated by the school and part and parcel of its operations. It is also wise for principals to relay news to local media , highlighting ways principals can influence the development of community relations special events and ac tivities so that the community may be kept abreast of what is going on. When honoring students for academic and other achievements, the community could be involved with other students in attendants too. These methods among many others can greatly influence the development of community relations 4. What Information Should Be Contained In A Media Relations Plan? The information that should be contained in a media relations plan include a details including an overview of the organization which will

Write an analysis of 2000 words of one of the following Hong Kong Essay

Write an analysis of 2000 words of one of the following Hong Kong films - Essay Example Moreover the martial art of Kung Fu widely acclaimed in China is found to act as a common stunt piece for many Chinese, Japanese and Hollywood films. Further observation made suggests that the Chinese martial art form, Kung Fu has earned a figure statement. With Kung Fu mostly masculine bodies with high power muscles earning a spectacular vision is mostly tied to. Thus, the martial art of Kung Fu has been associated to a body genre accompanied by heavy sound effects like shrieks and thuds. To this extent, it is found that the Chinese martial arts films are the products of a culture mix. (Hunt, 2-3). The martial arts used in the Chinese film industry in the late 1960s emanated from the tactics used by the Samurai form of Japanese Martial Art. Research made suggests that in the earlier periods of Hong Kong film industry the Chinese form of martial art drew a fictional significance to that of the western action films. Moreover it was found that the Kung Fu form of Chinese martial art was blended with other cinematic instruments such as comedy, stunt and action filled antics. Even it is observed that film stars who were previously well known for their martial art skills now using less of martial art skills and focusing on showing stunts and antics. The level of stunts used in the Hong Kong action films owes their contribution to the effect of Chinese Opera on the fighting stars. However, it is recognized that still the fighting choreography has a close resemblance to the traditional martial arts form. The Kung Fu form of martial art finds its connection to the Southern part of the Chinese republic. Northern China was more concerned with the advent of sword fighting techniques used in action films. However, the use of Kung Fu in the Hong Kong action films has helped the cinemas earn a global repute in a short span of time. The Kung Fu films